Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), commonly known as Runner’s Knee, is a condition characterized by pain around or behind the kneecap (patella). It is one of the most common causes of knee pain, particularly among athletes, runners, and individuals who engage in activities that place repeated stress on the knee joint.
Causes of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
PFPS occurs when the patella does not track properly over the femur (thigh bone) during movement, leading to irritation and pain. Contributing factors include:
- Overuse or Overload:
- Repetitive activities like running, jumping, or squatting.
- Sudden increases in training intensity or duration.
- Muscle Imbalances or Weakness:
- Weak quadriceps (especially the vastus medialis obliquus, or VMO).
- Tight or weak hamstrings, hip abductors, or gluteal muscles.
- Biomechanical Issues:
- Poor alignment of the patella (e.g., patellar maltracking).
- Flat feet (overpronation) or high arches.
- Abnormal hip, knee, or foot mechanics.
- Trauma or Injury:
- Direct impact to the knee.
- Previous knee injuries or surgeries.
- Other Factors:
- Tight iliotibial (IT) band.
- Improper footwear or training surfaces.
Symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
- Dull, aching pain around or behind the kneecap.
- Pain worsens with activities that stress the knee joint, such as:
- Running, jumping, squatting, or climbing stairs.
- Prolonged sitting with knees bent (often called “theater sign” or “movie-goer’s knee”).
- Swelling or a feeling of instability in the knee.
- Popping or grinding sensations (crepitus) during knee movement.
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination: A healthcare provider will assess knee alignment, strength, flexibility, and movement patterns.
- Imaging: X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans may be used to rule out other conditions (e.g., patellar tendinitis, osteoarthritis, or cartilage damage).
Treatment and Management
Treatment focuses on reducing pain, improving knee function, and addressing underlying causes.
- Rest and Activity Modification:
- Avoid activities that aggravate symptoms.
- Switch to low-impact exercises (e.g., swimming or cycling).
- Physical Therapy:
- Strengthening exercises for the quadriceps, glutes, and hip muscles.
- Stretching tight muscles (e.g., hamstrings, IT band, calves).
- Improving biomechanics and movement patterns.
- Pain Relief:
- Ice therapy to reduce inflammation.
- Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen).
- Supportive Measures:
- Use of knee braces or patellar taping to improve patellar tracking.
- Orthotics or proper footwear to address foot mechanics.
- Gradual Return to Activity:
- Slowly reintroduce activities to avoid re-injury.
- Surgery (Rare):
- Reserved for severe cases that do not respond to conservative treatment.
Prevention
- Strengthen and stretch the muscles around the knee and hip.
- Warm up properly before exercise.
- Wear appropriate footwear for your activity.
- Avoid sudden increases in training intensity or duration.
- Address any biomechanical issues (e.g., flat feet or poor running form).
If symptoms persist or worsen despite conservative treatment, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and management. Early intervention can help prevent chronic pain or long-term damage.
