Causes of knee pain in children

Causes of knee pain in children range from growth-related issues to injuries or underlying medical conditions. Unlike adults, children are still growing, so some causes of knee pain are unique to their age group. Here are the common causes of knee pain in children explained:

1. Growth-Related Causes

Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A common cause of knee pain in active adolescents, especially during growth spurts. It occurs due to inflammation of the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity (just below the kneecap), where the patellar tendon attaches. It is often seen in children who participate in sports involving running or jumping.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome: Similar to Osgood-Schlatter disease, but the pain occurs at the bottom of the kneecap (patella) where the patellar tendon attaches. It is also related to overuse and growth spurts.

2. Overuse or Repetitive Strain

Patellar Tendinitis: Inflammation of the patellar tendon due to repetitive stress from activities like jumping or running.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS): Pain on the outer side of the knee caused by friction of the IT band, often seen in young athletes.
Overuse Injuries: Repetitive activities like running, jumping, or cycling can strain the knee joint and surrounding tissues.

3. Injuries

Ligament Sprains or Tears: Injuries to the ACL, MCL, or other ligaments, often from sports or trauma.
Meniscus Tears: Damage to the cartilage in the knee, often caused by twisting or sudden movements.
Fractures: Breaks in the bones around the knee, such as the patella or growth plates.
Dislocated Kneecap (Patellar Dislocation): The kneecap slips out of place, often due to a sudden change in direction or impact.

4. Congenital or Developmental Conditions

Congenital Dislocation of the Knee: A rare condition where the knee joint is dislocated at birth.
Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees) or Genu Varum (Bowlegs): Misalignment of the legs that can cause stress on the knee joint.
Patellar Instability: The kneecap is prone to dislocation or subluxation due to structural abnormalities.

5. Infections and Inflammatory Conditions

Septic Arthritis: A bacterial infection in the knee joint, causing severe pain, swelling, and fever.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): An autoimmune condition that causes chronic inflammation in the joints, including the knees.
Lyme Disease: A tick-borne illness that can cause joint pain and swelling, including in the knees.

6. Other Causes

Osteochondritis Dissecans: A condition where a piece of bone or cartilage in the knee loses blood supply and breaks off, causing pain and locking of the joint.
Tumors or Cysts: Rarely, benign or malignant growths in or around the knee can cause pain.
Referred Pain: Pain from the hip, back, or other areas can sometimes be felt in the knee.
Obesity: Excess weight can put stress on the knee joint, leading to pain.

Symptoms to Watch For:

Swelling, redness, or warmth around the knee
Limping or difficulty walking
Pain that worsens with activity
Locking or catching of the knee joint
Fever or signs of infection (e.g., redness, warmth, systemic symptoms)

When to See a Doctor:

Persistent or worsening pain
Inability to bear weight on the knee
Swelling or deformity
Signs of infection (fever, redness, warmth)
Pain that interferes with daily activities or sleep

Diagnosis and Treatment:

A doctor may perform a physical exam, imaging (X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound), or blood tests to determine the cause.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include rest, physical therapy, bracing, medications, or, in rare cases, surgery.

If your child is experiencing knee pain, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.